Jizya was an oppressive tax. The laws of the Islamic state was overall very oppressive to minorities. In an Islamic state, I mean Caliphate, non Muslims were not allowed to own a horse and should travel barefooted. Read the covenant of Umar and you will find it there.
Also churches should not have crosses displayed and non Muslims could not make new churches or temples. Christians could not wear cross around their neck.
Non Muslims had to wear a badge or special dress so that Muslims could identify them. This is also written in the covenant of Umar.
The Islamic judicial system was also a joke. A Muslim could not be punished for killing a non Muslim but a non Muslim received capital punishment for killing a Muslim.
It was allowed for Muslims to enslave non Muslim citizens but non Muslim could not own slaves.
Non Muslim could not enlist in the army or could not work as governors or in a good government post.
Currently if you look at the Outlook of the Muslim world you will see that only a handful of Muslim country are actually very tolerant of Muslims like Malaysia, Bangladesh and Indonesia. But these are not Islamic states but secular states with state religion
Look at true Islamic states like Pakistan, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Egypt, Iraq, Syria etc. Look at their treatment of minorites.
For reference-
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pact_of_Umar
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia
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