What's new

DRDO invents a skin cream!!!!!

BTW india pakistan missile program was one of my favorite hobby that days .i collect every news article and any thing i got abut it .many dont know i follow mig.1.44 long time thats because i was thinking its indian future lolz

---------- Post added at 02:17 PM ---------- Previous post was at 02:15 PM ----------

This is open secret now. India did not get any help regarding missile technologies that is why our missiles technologies are different from those of Russia. Thats why India struggled to develop missiles earlier like others while all Pakistani missiles are 100% successes. Ok left it but I was questioning some of the missiles those are built under ToT cannot be called as Pakistani like Bhaktar Shikan, Anza etc. About nukes we have letter of AQ Khan.


Left it. But secur was asking about them so had to reply.



abut bakter shiken and anza i agree other just for satisfy your ego be happy now dear .
 
thats the blind patriotism nothing more dear .

i still remember 100% those days when Albert Arnold "Al" Gore asking again and again russia not to transfer missile tech to india .that news was even in my lab but i think i lost all of old lab at 2007 .i save that magzines long time.

It was about cryogenic engine. Russia did not transfer cryogenic technology to India. Russian and Indian missiles are totally different.
 
Those missiles name he posted most of them are produced under ToT. like M-11, M-18, Red Arrow etc etc.
Where did you see M11 , M 18 and Red Arrow ? And which country produces nuclear missiles under ToT ? :rofl:


Russia did not transfer any missile technology to India but China did to Pakistan.
China didn't transfer any tech to Pakistan but Russia did to India
Like that ?
 
facts remain facts


India's Move into Space Technology including the Nuclear and Space Policy of India & Pakistan
By J. Narayana Rao

April 17, 2009


While addressing the Munich Security Conference on 6th Feb 2009, India's National Security Advisor M. K. Narayan said that "India has been and still remains a strong and unwavering advocate of Global Nuclear Disarmament reflecting the passionate advocacy of nuclear disarmament of it' first Prime Minister, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru even to days India is perhaps the only Nuclear Weapon State to express it’s readiness to negotiate a Nuclear weapon convention leading to global, Non-discriminatory and verifiable elimination of Nuclear Weapons".

India first conducted a Nuclear Test on May 18,1974 and the second one on May 11 & 13,1998. This has resulted in Pakistan also conducting Nuclear Testing immediately. Both the countries have become Nuclear Nations. Neighboring China having Nuclear weapons is a big factor for India going Nuclear. Both India and Pakistan are adding to their Nuclear stock piles year by year.

While expressing it's commitment for Global total nuclear disarmament, India doesn't initiate any move for abolition of nuclear weapons. The Indo-US civilian nuclear deal helps India to boost it's nuclear stock pile by using indigenous uranium for producing more nuclear weapons.

India has declared "no first use policy" and it stands for "credible minimum deterrence". According to a draft released in August 1999, the Govt of India declared that nuclear weapons are solely for deterrence and that India will pursue a policy of "retaliation only". The document also maintains that India "will not be the first to initiate a nuclear first strike”. India has not signed the Comprehensive Test Ban treaty (CTBT) and the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). India is of the opinion that these treaties are discriminatory.

INDIA AND MISSILE DEFENCE:

India started in a big way the development of Missile Technology. Starting with Prithvi, developed Brahmos variety with a play load of 200 kg to 1000 kg and with a range of 150 km to 5000 km, A variety of Missiles are being developed and produced. India is attempting to enhance the Country's missile defense capabilities. It doesn't like to lag behind Pakistan and wants to catch up with China.

India started developing Ballistic Missile Defense capability since 1995. In 2007 India claimed to have intercepted a live ballistic missile. In January 2008 India announced that it has developed a two layered ballistic missile defense (BMD) system to counter enemy missiles. It is now targeting to develop a nuclear capable missile-Agni III with a range of 3,700 km and Agni IV with a range of more than 5000 km.

US BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENCE & INDIA:

US may be trying to hijack India to be part of it's Global Ballistic Defense Programs. But it is very difficult for India to be a willing partner in this. India is aware of the reaction of Russia and China about the US attempts to deploy Ballistic Missile in Poland and Czech Republic.

US Defense Secretary Robert Gates in the George Bush Presidency said in February 2008 that the United States and India are now in the early stages of discussion and joint analysis'. Another US Official said recently that "India is a partner of our and we want to provide it with whatever it needs to protect itself. But India has not reciprocated these moves.

Pranbab Mukherje India's External Affairs Minister while addressing a Press Conference on October 2007 at the conclusion of the third trilateral meeting of Foreign Ministers of India, China and Russia said that "India doesn't take part in such military arrangements. Therefore the question of our participation doesn't arise' and ruled out India being part of the controversial US led missile defense system.

The latest news is that India is planning space based radars to overcome the range impediment for its missile defense system, which was successfully tested on March 6 and at present can destroy every missile up to a range of 2000 km only.

PAKISTAN AND NUCLEAR WEAPONS:

After India Tested nuclear devices on 11-13, May 1998 Pakistan responded with 5 Nuclear Tests on 28 May 1998 and one more on 30 May 1998. There after both India and Pakistan have imposed unilateral moratorium on further testing. Like India, Pakistan didn't sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) and the Non-Proliferation Treaty(NPT).Pakistan declared that it will no sign these treaties unless India signs. Pakistan Nuclear Development program is based primarily on highly enriched uranium. It is alleged that China is assisting Pakistan in it's Nuclear Weapon production.

PAKISTAN AND MISSILE DEFENCE:

Having acquired the capability of production of Nuclear Weapons, the natural follow up is to develop the delivery system. Pakistan succeeded in developing missiles. A variety of missiles from a range of 100 km with a pay load of 500 kg and up to a range of 4000 km with a load of 2500 kg have been developed.

The then Pakistan Foreign Secretary Inam-Ul-Haq during his address in the Conference on Disarmament at Geneva on January 25,2001 summed up Pakistan Policy on ballistic missiles as under.

Not to deploy ballistic missiles.

Not to operational weaponize nuclear capable missile systems.

Formalise the understanding to provide prior and adequate notification of flight tests of missiles and

To declare a moratorium on the development, acquisition or deployment of Anti-Ballistic Missile systems, since these can destabilize minimum credible deterrence.

ARMS RACE IN SOUTH ASIA:

In response to China's Nuclear Capability India and looking at India's capability Pakistan both India and Pakistan have entered into a Nuclear and a Missile Defense Arms Race. Pakistan takes the help of China and India took help from Russia in developing missile technology. India even planning to develop capacity to shoot down enemy ballistic missiles.

It is tragic that out of 8 countries of South Asia two countries with 25% of total global population are confronting each other with nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles. The 15th Summit of the Heads of the South Asian Association For Regional Co-operation (SAARC) held in Colombo, Srilanka on August 2-3,2008 didn't pay any attention to nuclearisation of South Asia.

Former Indian Army Chief General Shankar Roychodhury has said on March 9,2008 while addressing a Seminar that Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons deterred India attacking Pakistan following terrorist attack on Indian Parliament in 2001 and Mumbai attack on 26 Nov 2008. This argument can a be universal justification for possessing Nuclear Weapons or any type of deadly weapons including Missile Defense programs to save itself from enemy attacks or all countries should be debarred from having any weapons of mass destruction.

To save the mankind there is no alternative other than global nuclear disarmament and a culture of Peace has to transform the human society.


Global Network - Indias Move to Space Technology - 4/09

---------- Post added at 02:26 PM ---------- Previous post was at 02:24 PM ----------

Russia Is Helping India Extend Range of Missile, U.S. Aides SayBy STEVEN LEE MYERS
Published: April 27, 1998Sign In to E-Mail

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Russia is helping India to build a sea-launched ballistic missile that can carry a nuclear warhead and strike deep into Pakistan, say senior Clinton Administration officials, who fear the program will inflame simmering tensions in South Asia.

The assistance has continued for at least three years, the officials said, despite assurances from Russia that its scientists are not contributing restricted technology to India's missile programs.

Vice President Al Gore and other senior Administration officials have appealed to Russian officials to halt the support, with little success. India, which has long had military ties to Russia, has been trying for years to develop more powerful missiles.

Although not tested, the sea-launched missile, the Sagarika, whose name means oceanic in Hindi, is said to have a range of nearly 200 miles and is meant to be launched from submerged submarines.

That would be a technological breakthrough for India in its arms race with Pakistan. American intelligence officials regard the simmering rivalry one of the most dangerous flash points for conventional or even nuclear war. The two countries have fought three wars since independence from Britain in 1947.


Russia Is Helping India Extend Range of Missile, U.S. Aides Say - NYTimes.com
 
facts remain facts


India's Move into Space Technology including the Nuclear and Space Policy of India & Pakistan
By J. Narayana Rao

April 17, 2009


While addressing the Munich Security Conference on 6th Feb 2009, India's National Security Advisor M. K. Narayan said that "India has been and still remains a strong and unwavering advocate of Global Nuclear Disarmament reflecting the passionate advocacy of nuclear disarmament of it' first Prime Minister, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru even to days India is perhaps the only Nuclear Weapon State to express it’s readiness to negotiate a Nuclear weapon convention leading to global, Non-discriminatory and verifiable elimination of Nuclear Weapons".

India first conducted a Nuclear Test on May 18,1974 and the second one on May 11 & 13,1998. This has resulted in Pakistan also conducting Nuclear Testing immediately. Both the countries have become Nuclear Nations. Neighboring China having Nuclear weapons is a big factor for India going Nuclear. Both India and Pakistan are adding to their Nuclear stock piles year by year.

While expressing it's commitment for Global total nuclear disarmament, India doesn't initiate any move for abolition of nuclear weapons. The Indo-US civilian nuclear deal helps India to boost it's nuclear stock pile by using indigenous uranium for producing more nuclear weapons.

India has declared "no first use policy" and it stands for "credible minimum deterrence". According to a draft released in August 1999, the Govt of India declared that nuclear weapons are solely for deterrence and that India will pursue a policy of "retaliation only". The document also maintains that India "will not be the first to initiate a nuclear first strike”. India has not signed the Comprehensive Test Ban treaty (CTBT) and the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). India is of the opinion that these treaties are discriminatory.

INDIA AND MISSILE DEFENCE:

India started in a big way the development of Missile Technology. Starting with Prithvi, developed Brahmos variety with a play load of 200 kg to 1000 kg and with a range of 150 km to 5000 km, A variety of Missiles are being developed and produced. India is attempting to enhance the Country's missile defense capabilities. It doesn't like to lag behind Pakistan and wants to catch up with China.

India started developing Ballistic Missile Defense capability since 1995. In 2007 India claimed to have intercepted a live ballistic missile. In January 2008 India announced that it has developed a two layered ballistic missile defense (BMD) system to counter enemy missiles. It is now targeting to develop a nuclear capable missile-Agni III with a range of 3,700 km and Agni IV with a range of more than 5000 km.

US BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENCE & INDIA:

US may be trying to hijack India to be part of it's Global Ballistic Defense Programs. But it is very difficult for India to be a willing partner in this. India is aware of the reaction of Russia and China about the US attempts to deploy Ballistic Missile in Poland and Czech Republic.

US Defense Secretary Robert Gates in the George Bush Presidency said in February 2008 that the United States and India are now in the early stages of discussion and joint analysis'. Another US Official said recently that "India is a partner of our and we want to provide it with whatever it needs to protect itself. But India has not reciprocated these moves.

Pranbab Mukherje India's External Affairs Minister while addressing a Press Conference on October 2007 at the conclusion of the third trilateral meeting of Foreign Ministers of India, China and Russia said that "India doesn't take part in such military arrangements. Therefore the question of our participation doesn't arise' and ruled out India being part of the controversial US led missile defense system.

The latest news is that India is planning space based radars to overcome the range impediment for its missile defense system, which was successfully tested on March 6 and at present can destroy every missile up to a range of 2000 km only.

PAKISTAN AND NUCLEAR WEAPONS:

After India Tested nuclear devices on 11-13, May 1998 Pakistan responded with 5 Nuclear Tests on 28 May 1998 and one more on 30 May 1998. There after both India and Pakistan have imposed unilateral moratorium on further testing. Like India, Pakistan didn't sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) and the Non-Proliferation Treaty(NPT).Pakistan declared that it will no sign these treaties unless India signs. Pakistan Nuclear Development program is based primarily on highly enriched uranium. It is alleged that China is assisting Pakistan in it's Nuclear Weapon production.

PAKISTAN AND MISSILE DEFENCE:

Having acquired the capability of production of Nuclear Weapons, the natural follow up is to develop the delivery system. Pakistan succeeded in developing missiles. A variety of missiles from a range of 100 km with a pay load of 500 kg and up to a range of 4000 km with a load of 2500 kg have been developed.

The then Pakistan Foreign Secretary Inam-Ul-Haq during his address in the Conference on Disarmament at Geneva on January 25,2001 summed up Pakistan Policy on ballistic missiles as under.

Not to deploy ballistic missiles.

Not to operational weaponize nuclear capable missile systems.

Formalise the understanding to provide prior and adequate notification of flight tests of missiles and

To declare a moratorium on the development, acquisition or deployment of Anti-Ballistic Missile systems, since these can destabilize minimum credible deterrence.

ARMS RACE IN SOUTH ASIA:

In response to China's Nuclear Capability India and looking at India's capability Pakistan both India and Pakistan have entered into a Nuclear and a Missile Defense Arms Race. Pakistan takes the help of China and India took help from Russia in developing missile technology. India even planning to develop capacity to shoot down enemy ballistic missiles.

It is tragic that out of 8 countries of South Asia two countries with 25% of total global population are confronting each other with nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles. The 15th Summit of the Heads of the South Asian Association For Regional Co-operation (SAARC) held in Colombo, Srilanka on August 2-3,2008 didn't pay any attention to nuclearisation of South Asia.

Former Indian Army Chief General Shankar Roychodhury has said on March 9,2008 while addressing a Seminar that Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons deterred India attacking Pakistan following terrorist attack on Indian Parliament in 2001 and Mumbai attack on 26 Nov 2008. This argument can a be universal justification for possessing Nuclear Weapons or any type of deadly weapons including Missile Defense programs to save itself from enemy attacks or all countries should be debarred from having any weapons of mass destruction.

To save the mankind there is no alternative other than global nuclear disarmament and a culture of Peace has to transform the human society.


Global Network - Indias Move to Space Technology - 4/09

The Article states India Took the help of Russia while Pakistan Takes the Help of China.... Bells ring here... Does the same ring there?
 
U.s. Worried Russia Aiding India's Plans For Sea Missile
April 27, 1998|By New York Times News Service.
WASHINGTON — Russia is helping India build a sea-launched ballistic missile that can carry a nuclear warhead and strike deep into Pakistan, say senior Clinton administration officials, who fear the program will worsen tensions in South Asia.

The assistance has continued for at least three years, the officials said, despite assurances from Russia that its scientists are not contributing restricted technology to India's missile programs. Vice President Al Gore and other senior administration officials have had little success in appealing to Russian officials to halt the support.


U.s. Worried Russia Aiding India's Plans For Sea Missile - Chicago Tribune

---------- Post added at 02:31 PM ---------- Previous post was at 02:29 PM ----------

Russia to Scale Back Missile Technology Sale to India : Accord: In return, U.S. will begin talks on commercial ventures in space with Moscow.
July 17, 1993|DOYLE McMANUS | TIMES STAFF WRITERWASHINGTON — In a concession that could slow the spread of advanced weaponry around the world, Russia has agreed to a U.S. request to scale back a sale of missile technology to India and sign an international agreement restricting future sales, State Department officials said Friday.

The agreement, reached late Thursday night after months of sometimes acrimonious negotiations, means that Russia will formally join the Missile Technology Control Regime, a pact of 18 Western nations that prohibits members from exporting technology that could be used to build nuclear missiles.

For the Record
Los Angeles Times Thursday July 22, 1993 Home Edition Part A Page 3 Column 5 Metro Desk 1 inches; 32 words Type of Material: Correction
Rocket fuel--A report July 17 about an agreement between the United States and Russia on the sale of Russian missile technology to India erred in describing the fuel for rocket engines. The rockets are fueled by liquid hydrogen.


www.ibm.com/SmarterPlanet"It is . . . a very important step," said Lynn Davis, undersecretary of state for international security affairs, who led the U.S. negotiating team. "We are building a foundation of cooperation between our two governments."

As a result of the deal, she said, the United States will open talks with Russia on commercial cooperation in space, discussions that the Clinton Administration halted because of its concerns about the missile sale to India.

Russia, strapped for cash, has sought to earn money by selling its vaunted military weapons and technology abroad, from submarines for Iran to fighter jets for China and missiles for India. The Clinton Administration has not formally objected to most of the sales, in part because officials say Russia's need for export income is so great.

But in the case of the missile sale, the United States protested strongly, because India has built its own nuclear weapons, is locked in a dangerous confrontation with neighboring Pakistan and has shown little willingness to limit its development of weapons of mass destruction.

The sale in question was an estimated $350-million contract for liquid-nitrogen-fueled rocket engines, plus technology and training to help India build similar engines itself, officials said.

India said it plans to use the engines for rockets to launch weather and communications satellites, but U.S. officials have been skeptical.

The George Bush Administration reacted to the initial contract in 1992 by imposing sanctions on the Russian and Indian space organizations that barred them from receiving any U.S. equipment or making any sales in the United States.

The Clinton Administration threatened last month to apply more sanctions if the Indian deal went ahead. But it offered Russia the prospect of "billions" in potential contracts with the United States, including a chance to launch U.S. commercial satellites on Russian rockets, if the deal were stopped, officials said.

As a result of the new agreement, Vice President Al Gore will invite Russian Prime Minister Viktor S. Chernomyrdin to hold talks on space cooperation, a meeting that had been postponed because of the dispute.

Under the agreement concluded this week, Russia will "freeze" the sale to India and renegotiate the contract to bring it within the limits of the Missile Technology Control Regime, Davis said.


]
Russia may still ship some rocket engines to India, but it will not transfer the know-how and equipment that would enable India to apply the technology widely to military purposes, she said.

Another official said the engines are only a small part of the contract, and might sell for only $2 million or $3 million each without the accompanying technology.

At the same time, Davis said, the Russians agreed to bring their export controls into compliance with the missile technology pact to seek membership in the group by Nov. 1.

Some U.S. officials have charged privately that Russia has already transferred significant missile technology to India, but Davis denied that.

In other developments, U.S. officials said they hope their talks with North Korea on the Asian country's nuclear research program will show results next week.

North Korean negotiators "brought some new ideas" to the talks in Geneva this week, a senior U.S. official said, leading to "a change in the tenor" of the discussion.

The United States wants North Korea to allow U.N. inspectors to investigate evidence of nuclear weapons development. North Korea denies that it is working on nuclear arms, but has refused to allow the inspectors to look at the research facilities in question.

Friday morning, U.S. and North Korean negotiators said they planned to make a "substantive" announcement Monday, signaling a probable agreement. But they later amended that, saying they did not know whether any announcement would be ready.


Russia to Scale Back Missile Technology Sale to India : Accord: In return, U.S. will begin talks on commercial ventures in space with Moscow. - Los Angeles Times

i was talking abut this era and kids are dancing on new tunes
 
facts remain facts

Pakistan takes the help of China and India took help from Russia in developing missile technology. India even planning to develop capacity to shoot down enemy ballistic missiles.


Global Network - Indias Move to Space Technology - 4/09

The article written in 2009! lol India shoot down enemy missile in 2006 now in 2009 it is talking about plan!!!

Russia Is Helping India Extend Range of Missile, U.S. Aides Say
By STEVEN LEE MYERS
Published: April 27, 1998



Russia is helping India to build a sea-launched ballistic missile that can carry a nuclear warhead and strike deep into Pakistan, say senior Clinton Administration officials, who fear the program will inflame simmering tensions in South Asia.

13 years over India-Russia still did not succeed!!!! We do not have any operational SLBM till now.
 
The article written in 2009! lol India shoot down enemy missile in 2006 now in 2009 it is talking about plan!!!



13 years over India-Russia still did not succeed!!!! We do not have any operational SLBM till now.

It shows the credibility of the Article:chilli:
 
The article written in 2009! lol India shoot down enemy missile in 2006 now in 2009 it is talking about plan!!!



13 years over India-Russia still did not succeed!!!! We do not have any operational SLBM till now.

yes not only 13 years many times its more long .india is meture now for missile tech but the time when pakistan india take help was in 80s 90s both look for help and got help when neended .its not like indians sleep at night and got ideas in dreams its simple case just read the news of that era and then know what was going on at that time .if kevari can take 20 years whats wrong 13 years?
 
U.s. Worried Russia Aiding India's Plans For Sea Missile
April 27, 1998|By New York Times News Service.
WASHINGTON — Russia is helping India build a sea-launched ballistic missile that can carry a nuclear warhead and strike deep into Pakistan, say senior Clinton administration officials, who fear the program will worsen tensions in South Asia.

13 years passed Russia immensely failed!!! No SLBM so far. lol
Russia to Scale Back Missile Technology Sale to India Accord: In return, U.S. will begin talks on commercial ventures in space with Moscow.
July 17, 1993|DOYLE McMANUS | TIMES STAFF WRITERWASHINGTON — In a concession that could slow the spread of advanced weaponry around the world, Russia has agreed to a U.S. request to scale back a sale of missile technology to India and sign an international agreement restricting future sales, State Department officials said Friday.

The agreement, reached late Thursday night after months of sometimes acrimonious negotiations, means that Russia will formally join the Missile Technology Control Regime, a pact of 18 Western nations that prohibits members from exporting technology that could be used to build nuclear missiles.

For the Record
Los Angeles Times Thursday July 22, 1993 Home Edition Part A Page 3 Column 5 Metro Desk 1 inches; 32 words Type of Material: Correction
Rocket fuel--A report July 17 about an agreement between the United States and Russia on the sale of Russian missile technology to India erred in describing the fuel for rocket engines. The rockets are fueled by liquid hydrogen.

It is talking about Cryogenic engine which Russia did not ToT after US objection.
 
yes not only 13 years many times its more long .india is meture now for missile tech but the time when pakistan india take help was in 80s 90s both look for help and got help when neended .its not like indians sleep at night and got ideas in dreams its simple case just read the news of that era and then know what was going on at that time .
Other than some so called SLBM you did not find anything? The SLBM that is still not operational after 13 years, very poor performance by Russians with their huge technological lead in the area, is not it?

if kevari can take 20 years whats wrong 13 years?
Because Russia is not building Kaveri but India.
 
The Indian Drive towards Weaponization: the Agni Missile Program

The Indian Drive towards Weaponization: the Agni Missile Program

By Michael Kraig, Consultant to Federation of American Scientists

After failing to reverse-engineer a SA-2 Guideline SAM as a viable ballistic missile under Project Devil in the 1970s, India formed the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program IGMDP in 1983 with the aim of achieving self-sufficiency in missile development & production. The Department of Defense notes that "the space program supports New Delhi�s missile efforts through shared research, development and production facilities." The two systems produced under the IGMDP that are most likely to be a delivery vehicle for nuclear warheads are the short range tactical missile, Prithvi SS-150 (Army) and SS-250 (Airforce), and the Agni-II Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM).

Agni (Fire) is an Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM) which began development in 1979. It became part of India�s Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) in 1983 and has a tested range of 1400-1500 km. The Agni was developed principally by the Indian Defense Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL) under the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO), at the Defence Research Complex at Kanchanbagh, on the periphery of Hyderabad�s Old City. The Agni is built by Bharat Dynamics, which has its primary facility in Hyderabad Defense Research Complex. A second Bharat Dynamics facility in Bhanoor is probably responsible for the manufacture of the Agni�s solid rocket motors. Also at the Hyderabad Defence Research Complex, the Defense Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DMRL) and the government-owned special metals industry Mishra Dhatu Nigam Ltd. (MIDHANI) provide assistance in the research and fabrication of special metals used in missile construction.

Agni I Technology Test Bed, 1979-1994

The purpose of the Agni I was primarily to test reentry vehicle technology for military use. There were three flight tests of the Agni I before the BJP came to power: 22 May 1989; 29 May 1992; 19 February 1994. The second test was a partial failure, and in 1995, India indefinitely suspended the flight test program under pressure from the United States. The suspension of production and testing might also have been due to indecision regarding the future directions of India�s nuclear program, especially the pursuit of thermonuclear weapons. However, Prime Minister Gowa said in 1997 that India had no intention of giving up the program permanently.

Results: Not Fit for Efficient Weaponization. The Technological Test Beds achieved a maximum range of 1500 km, covering all of Pakistan and large areas of Southwestern China, but the combination of first-stage solid fuel and second-stage liquid fuel propulsion systems made deployment and launch operations clumsy and immobile, requiring half a day of preparation. The liquid fuel was volatile, requiring loading just before launch. Also, the rocket was fairly inaccurate (Circular Error Probability of 100 meters) and had an inefficient launch control system. The CEP of 100 meters meant that the missile would only strike within 100 meters of its target 50% of the time.

Agni II: Operational Improvements for Weaponization, 1994-1999

After the BJP renewed the program in 1998, the Agni-II was tested on 11 April 1999 to a range of approximately 2000-2200 km. The range of the missile could be altered by appropriately configuring the payload mass (i.e., constructing different size warheads). At a length of 20 meters and weight of 16 tons, the Agni-II is an improvement over its predecessor, which had a length of 21 meters and a weight of 19 tons.

At the time of the April 1999 test, Indian Defense Minister George Fernandes said the Agni missile was ready to go into production, though he did not specify the production or deployment schedule. Similarly, then-DRDO Director A.J.P. Abdul Kalam asserted that no more tests were needed to operationalize and weaponize Agni-II. This indicates that the re-entry vehicle had already been rigorously tested in its previous Agni-I technology test bed flights. However, given that two new launch pads for flight testing have been constructed in Balasore district, including the IC-4 pad at Wheeler Island that was used for the April 1999 test, it is highly likely that several more tests are being planned. It is doubtful that deployment would occur without further verification of missile accuracy and reentry vehicle performance.

Launch operations and internal missile computations have been streamlined. If inducted, Agni-II will reportedly always be in a ready-to-fire mode and can be launched within 15 minutes. Over 600 communications channels inside the rocket and in ground launch control, with 24 km of wiring, have been eliminated to allow for a single control system. There are now only 10 pairs of communications channels with one-eighth the original wiring.

The Agni-II incorporates a far more accurate terminal navigation and guidance system which constantly updates information about the missile flight path using Global Positioning System information provided by ground-based beacons. DRDO�s Chief Controller of R&D (Missile division), A.S. Pillai, stated after the Agni-II test, "We have improved accuracy by a factor of at least three. It is a far more lethal missile now." A Japanese newspaper report stated that Agni-II achieved a Circular Error Probability of 40 meters, although future tests would be required to substantiate the computer simulations that India used to produce this figure.

Both stages of the Agni-II have a solid-fuel propulsion system, which allows the missile to be relatively mobile and flexible. The second-stage system was taken almost directly from India�s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) program and has already been extensively tested and used by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). Computer simulations can draw upon ISRO�s data to further refine the Agni-II.

The Agni-II would be deployed via a rail-based missile launcher, which demonstrates a potential capability for dispersal in time of a crisis for maximum survivability of the deterrent. The rail launch system disguises both the missile launcher and the separate mobile launch control center under "bogie" covers on a regular commercial goods cargo train, which can be used in most parts of the Indian commercial rail system.

For adjustments to missile trajectory during flight, which allow for higher accuracy, the second stage booster has a flex nozzle which enables alterations in the thrust vector direction. Previously, the flex nozzle has been used only in the third-stage motor of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle. Also to increase accuracy, the re-entry vehicle employs a terminal guidance radar operating in the C- and S-bands. Also, last minute/second adjustments have been optimized through on-board software which allow reentry velocity trimming. The data bus for the on-board navigation system has been changed to off-the-shelf commercial digital technology to allow for flexible software upgrades in future versions of the missile.





Conclusion: Agni-II is the preferred method of nuclear weaponization

Although conventional warheads of all types have been developed for use with the Agni-II, from bomblets to guided munitions to fuel air explosives, Indian analysts argue that the missile costs too much to develop exclusively for conventional payloads. It is anticipated that India may deploy several dozen of these missiles, but if they were deployed with only conventional explosives, the entire stock would probably be used up just to destroy a few air fields or Pakistani command and control bunkers with high confidence, despite the increased accuracy of the Agni-II design. The Indian air force is superior to that of Pakistan and would be much more efficient in destroying air fields, command and control bunkers, and artillery positions. For example, in the 1971 war, India was able to fly over 500 air sorties in just a 24-hour period despite having already been attacked by Pakistan in preemptive strikes on Indian airfields.
 

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