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China's Top 10 Recent Scientific Innovations

If you want to know the details of the one-atom-layer experiment, buy the entire research paper at the link provided in the original post.
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OFF TOPIC: If there is a war underway, why would commercial aircraft fly over disputed skies?

If you are trapped in an elevator, bang on the door and wait for someone to free you. Or you can climb through the service hole in the ceiling.

The gamma radiation is minimal, because it is absorbed by the air. The gamma rays are converted into Compton Scattering. Hence, there is an EMP.
I want the OP to explain the stuff in his words. I am too lazy to read thru 1,000 page technical docu. Previously I asked posters here to explain quantum computing and quantum communications but nobody can. Not I want to bother people but I want to learn.

If you detonate a nuclear device in the atmosphere then you are out. EMP is nuclear weapon.
 
I want the OP to explain the stuff in his words. I am too lazy to read thru 1,000 page technical docu. Previously I asked posters here to explain quantum computing and quantum communications but nobody can. Not I want to bother people but I want to learn.

If you detonate a nuclear device in the atmosphere then you are out. EMP is nuclear weapon.
Doping is the contamination of a substrate material with a foreign substance.

The two methods are chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and ion implantation. You can google the two topics and read about them. I'm not here to teach a course on doping of semiconductor materials.

However, I will give a general description that will enable forum readers to have an idea of the doping process.

Chemical Vapor Deposition is a chemical process where a substrate (such as silicon) is put into an oven. The foreign material is introduced as a gas. Bake the silicon and the foreign gas for hours and the result is a doped silicon wafer. Some of the gas atoms will become embedded in the silicon, where some of the silicon atoms were heated and left the surface. The empty space was filled with foreign gas atoms that became embedded within the silicon.

Ion implantation is a physical process. Ions are accelerated across an electric field and smashed into a substrate. This will create pockets of foreign atoms in the substrate material (typically silicon).
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OFF TOPIC: The detonation of a nuclear device in the atmosphere doesn't mean anything. Some countries in the world have refused to sign the treaty against atmospheric detonation. Also, China can withdraw from the voluntary ban on atmospheric nuclear detonations whenever it wants (assuming it has signed the treaty).

China pledged No-First-Use (NFU) against non-nuclear states with a nuclear weapon of mass destruction. It is a gray area whether a thermonuclear weapon detonated 100 miles above a country would fall under China's NFU pledge. This topic is interesting, because Vietnamese members on this forum have welcomed a conventional war with China. Contrary to Vietnamese expectations, China will probably opt for efficiency.

Detonate a megaton-class EMP over Vietnam and mop up the stragglers. Vietnam or another country could be conquered by China within one month. The United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan and won the US-Japan war without losing a single American soldier in conquering the Japanese mainland.

Similarly, China could choose to drop an EMP over Vietnam and conquer the country with minimal losses.
 
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Doping is the contamination of a substrate material with a foreign substance.

The two methods are chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and ion implantation. You can google the two topics and read about them. I'm not here to teach a course on doping of semiconductor materials.

However, I will give a general description that will enable forum readers to have an idea of the doping process.

Chemical Vapor Deposition is a chemical process where a substrate (such as silicon) is put into an oven. The foreign material is introduced as a gas. Bake the silicon and the foreign gas for hours and the result is a doped silicon wafer. Some of the gas atoms will become embedded in the silicon, where some of the silicon atoms were heated and left the surface. The empty space was filled with foreign gas atoms that became embedded within the silicon.

Ion implantation is a physical process. Ions are accelerated across an electric field and smashed into a substrate. This will create pockets of foreign atoms in the substrate material (typically silicon).
----------

OFF TOPIC: The detonation of a nuclear device in the atmosphere doesn't mean anything. Some countries in the world have refused to sign the treaty against atmospheric detonation. Also, China can withdraw from the voluntary ban on atmospheric nuclear detonations whenever it wants (assuming it has signed the treaty).

China pledged No-First-Use (NFU) against non-nuclear states with a nuclear weapon of mass destruction. It is a gray area whether a thermonuclear weapon detonated 100 miles above a country would fall under China's NFU pledge. This topic is interesting, because Vietnamese members on this forum have welcomed a conventional war with China. Contrary to Vietnamese expectations, China will probably opt for efficiency.

Detonate a megaton-class EMP over Vietnam and mop up the stragglers. Vietnam or another country could be conquered by China within one month. The United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan and won the US-Japan war without losing a single American soldier in conquering the Japanese mainland.

Similarly, China could choose to drop an EMP over Vietnam and conquer the country with minimal losses.
Ok I will read into the topic.

Ok off topic

One last time, I don't want to repeat again. If you detonate nuclear EMP, you resort to nuclear weapon. Don't make the mistake by thinking only China has nuclear weapons. Even if you raise a little doubt on NFU that will have grave consequences. for you.
 
China moves onward into thorium nuclear reactors, 18-ton yield-per-hectare hybrid rice, and nanotechnology.

As we look toward the future of Chinese scientific innovations, a few promising fields stand out.

Firstly, there is the Chinese thorium-based nuclear reactor. China is scheduled to build a 2 MegaWatt thorium research reactor this year. In the future, China expects to have an operational 10 MegaWatt demonstrator thorium reactor by 2025. A 100 MegaWatt pilot thorium reactor should be ready by 2035.

Secondly, in agriculture, China's 50-year hybrid rice program is still setting new records. The latest generation of Chinese hybrid rice yields 18 tons per hectare. This is quite an astonishing achievement. In 1960, China's rice yields were about 2,000 kilograms per hectare (which is about 2 tons per hectare). From 1960 to now, China's latest hybrid rice technology represents a NINE-fold jump in yield per hectare.

Thirdly, China is a leader in the emerging field of nanotechnology (see Xinhua citation below).
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China focus: China aims high in nanotechnology | Xinhua

"Energy nanotechnology and catalytic nanomaterials are the top two fields in which China has made remarkable achievements.
...
This has made energy nanotechnology a promising area, leading Chinese researchers to research batteries and energy storage and conversion, Liu said.

Catalytic nanomaterials research is considered China's most promising area of nanoscience. Nanostructure-based catalysts can speed up chemical reactions and could be useful in chemical industries and oil refining, experts said."

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China moves onward into thorium nuclear reactors, 18-ton yield-per-hectare hybrid rice, and nanotechnology.

As we look toward the future of Chinese scientific innovations, a few promising fields stand out.

Firstly, there is the Chinese thorium-based nuclear reactor. China is scheduled to build a 2 MegaWatt thorium research reactor this year. In the future, China expects to have an operational 10 MegaWatt demonstrator thorium reactor by 2025. A 100 MegaWatt pilot thorium reactor should be ready by 2035.

Secondly, in agriculture, China's 50-year hybrid rice program is still setting new records. The latest generation of Chinese hybrid rice yields 18 tons per hectare. This is quite an astonishing achievement. In 1960, China's rice yields were about 2,000 kilograms per hectare (which is about 2 tons per hectare). From 1960 to now, China's latest hybrid rice technology represents a NINE-fold jump in yield per hectare.

Thirdly, China is a leader in the emerging field of nanotechnology (see Xinhua citation below).
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China focus: China aims high in nanotechnology | Xinhua

"Energy nanotechnology and catalytic nanomaterials are the top two fields in which China has made remarkable achievements.
...
This has made energy nanotechnology a promising area, leading Chinese researchers to research batteries and energy storage and conversion, Liu said.

Catalytic nanomaterials research is considered China's most promising area of nanoscience. Nanostructure-based catalysts can speed up chemical reactions and could be useful in chemical industries and oil refining, experts said."

scwyDfH.jpg
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The pace of innovation
China Today, August 30, 2017

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Intelligent voice technology is used in toys developed by Iflytek.


Innovation is acknowledged as a primary force for promoting economic development. Consequently many countries globally seek innovative technological, industrial and mechanistic breakthroughs. The positive impact of innovation irrefutably proven, it is a concept that leads China's development.

Anhui Province, located in central-eastern China, is an important part of the Yangtze River Delta. The construction of the "Belt and Road" and the Yangtze River Economic Zone have brought Anhui, at the crossroads, rare and abundant development opportunities.

Many people associate Anhui with Huangshan Mountain's breathtaking scenery, delectable cuisine, or the long history of papermaking. However, upon paying a visit to Anhui their foremost impression is of bold innovation.

Leader of Technological Innovation

How is innovation apparent in Anhui's science and technology? The answer is plain to see at the Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of China. Located in Hefei State Hi-tech Industry Development Zone, the institute's focus is on developing high-tech R&D and cultivating high-level talents. It is integral to advancing the University of Science and Technology of China to a world-class research university.

On display in one of the Institute's halls are examples of Anhui's independent innovative technologies and products. They include the first Chinese independent R&D platform for the interactive robot, the large-sized liquid crystal display panel, the graphene based composite, microturbines, nano-water purification technology, insulin capsules, the Chery aluminium electric vehicle, and the JAC iev6s electric SUV.

In August 16, 2016, China launched world's first quantum experimental communications satellite Mozi, which can achieve quantum cryptography communication between space and Earth. The control center of the experimental quantum communication system is at the Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of China.

On June 16, 2017, China was the first to achieve the 1,000-km level of space-Earth two-way quantum distribution of entangled photon pairs. This broke the previous, longstanding international 100-km level record, as announced by Pan Jianwei, chief scientist on quantum experimental satellite and vice president of University of Science and Technology of China. This experiment also brought plaudits from international experts in this field who hailed it as "world-leading."

In addition to the quantum scientific experiment, Anhui has also contributed many other unique scientific achievements. They include the opening of the Shanghai-Hefei section of the world's first quantum cryptography network. The world's thinnest 0.15 mm information displayed touch sensor has also gone into mass production. Moreover, Tokamak at the Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, has achieved the world's first minute-level steady state high constraint mode operation. And the world's first intelligent interactive robot that provides customer service has been developed and put into operation.

Innovation is the primary force driving development. According to Chinese Regional Innovation Capacity Report 2016, Anhui has maintained its ninth ranking in China as a whole and pole position in central China for five years running. In the first quarter of 2017, among all industrial enterprises above designated size, Anhui's hi-tech industry added value reached RMB 103.83 billion, an increase of 14.4 percent, and the production value of its strategic emerging industries reached RMB 272.36 billion, a 22.7 percent increase.

On January 10, 2017, the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Science and Technology officially authorized Anhui's construction of the national comprehensive science center in Hefei. This is the second of its kind to receive official government approval, the first having been built in Shanghai. The decision signifies Anhui's important position in the national innovation configuration; and also the importance of its role in representing China in the competitive global technology and cooperation market.

From Technology to Industry

Innovation is the point of intersection between technology and industry. Heightening the industrialization of technology has been a huge obstacle to innovation.

To accelerate the industrialization of artificial intelligence (AI), integrate various resources, to set up an industrial platform, Anhui Information Investment established the first AI presentation hall in Anhui. Named "China Speech Valley," it is located in the Hefei State Hi-tech Industry Development Zone.

"Left-click the mouse and speak, and so vocally surf the Internet and key in words." Cui Zijing, marketing director of Anhui MiMouse, demonstrated the company's intelligent voice mouse to reporters in the 1,000-sq meters "China Speech Valley" experience center. Upon his saying, "Welcome to Anhui," the corresponding Chinese characters were immediately displayed on the screen in Word. Cui then said, "I want to watch In the Name of People." The URL of this soap opera immediately appeared on the screen. Whether for purposes of surfing or keying in through voice identification, the mouse functions both accurately and fast. It is also compatible with English, Russian, Japanese and other languages. By January 2017 sales of the mouse had reached more than RMB 40 million.

The intelligent voice and AI trades are strategic emerging industries. Enterprises in these lines are mainly start-up companies, and highly innovative. But they have limited ability to adapt to market competition. "The absence of any policy to support this platform makes it difficult for these innovative start-ups to succeed." Yu Yanxing, the representative of the start-up Anhui Samxvm Information Technology Co., Ltd., introduced China Speech Valley and its focus on supporting intelligent and innovative business incubation. China Speech Valley provides services for enterprises in the zone through setting up various resource-sharing platforms that improve their cooperation and development. It has also become an important stage for enterprises to promote their products and invest in the market.

"For innovative start-ups, industrialization is much more important than technology itself. So the evaluation index for enterprises in the zone is not expertise or advanced technologies, but rather their market share," CEO of Anhui Information Investment Qi Dongfeng said. Qi went on to say that in order to facilitate enterprises' more rapid entry into the market, before a product is released a professional mentor team, comprising CEOs of technology companies or investment experts, provides them with guidance. Meanwhile, during the marketing process China Speech Valley holds and participates in many science and technology exhibitions to expand the exposure of R&D products. It also proactively builds various resource-sharing platforms that promote them on the market.

Technology must be applied to products, which shall be developed into industries. And single enterprises must converge into integrated zones. "The China Speech Valley experience center not only helps enterprises to deal with marketing difficulties, but more importantly, utilizes the central model effects to promote industrial agglomeration, so attracting more and more artificial intelligence-related industries to China Speech Valley," Qi Dongfeng said.

In the future, China Speech Valley will incubate more than 1,000 companies and cultivate a number of giant enterprises, so forming a strengthened AI industrial chain. At the same time, China Speech Valley will utilize the benefits stemming from an industrial cluster. The industrial scale is expected to reach RMB 100 billion.

Leading the Era of AI

On February 3, 2017, the New York Times published an article on AI development trends in China and the U.S., giving high praise to the leading technology of Iflytek Co., Ltd. Liu Qingfeng, chairman of Iflytek, proudly announced that from intelligent voice to AI, Iflytek has the world's most advanced algorithms, and this is putting the company at the forefront of the sector.

"Nobody in China had explored the intelligent voice industry when we first started. Our company incurred losses during the first four years, and by the fifth year our profits just about covered the loss," Liu Qingfeng said.

Looking back over the 18 years of progress, Vice President of Iflytek Xu Yulin told the reporter, "Innovation and persistence have been our most precious resources." Xu recalled that Iflyteki had been offered, but rejected many chances to turn a quick profit.

Having progressed from an 18-member team and experienced an 18-year expansion, Iflytek has become a world-class intelligent voice enterprise with a market value of more than RMB 40 billion. Its products now cover 27 languages, and those in Chinese and English constitute the global No. 1. This Chinese brand has achieved worldwide recognition.

In 2014, as the artificial intelligence era approached, Iflytek proposed a "new superfly brain" plan. The aim was to make robots able not only to listen and speak but also understand and think, so to create a Chinese intelligent cognitive engine. This will lead to the future application of intelligence to domestic tasks, education, customer service, healthcare, and other areas. And in 2015, Iflytek redefined the criteria for human-computer interaction in the Internet of Things era and released the AIUI – a human-computer interactive interface that represents a milestone in the AI industry. Furthermore, in 2016, the rapid growth of users and start-up teams related to the Iflytek AI platform led over a million people to mass entrepreneurship and innovation.

On April 26, 2016, President Xi Jinping visited an exhibition on Anhui's innovative scientific results. He also watched the Iflytek intelligence voice and AI presentation. Xi highly commended their achievements and encouraged them to focus on R&D. He also hoped that Iflytek would maintain its leading role and simultaneously apply the core technologies to everyday life.

Xu Yulin acknowledged this as great encouragement to Iflytek. "This will inspire us to make more R&D efforts to bring the people better service." Xu also mentioned that Iflytek is promoting many new applications for the education, finance, medicine, information security and other fields.

As in April 2017, the Iflytek platform had acquired one billion users and provided services for 300,000 start-ups. The number of interactions now stands at 3.5 billion times per day. This implies that the AI ecology centering on Iflytek is under construction.

Artificial intelligence in future will not be competition between technologies, nor competition between enterprises, but competition between ecologies. "Faced with opportunities and challenges, Iflytek is confident of becoming a world-class giant IT enterprise," Xu Yulin concluded.
 
China produces its first neutron beams

By ZHANG ZHIHAO |

China Daily | Updated: 2017-09-02 06:46

China has become the latest country to create neutron beams-which can examine subatomic materials without damaging their structure-an advance expected to lead to new discoveries in material science, clean energy and medicine.

The beams were first produced on Aug 28 at the China Spallation Neutron Source in Dongguan, Guangdong province, making China the fourth country in the world, after the United States, United Kingdom and Japan, to have a neutron beam source.

"This is a major milestone for Chinese scientists. The lab will help us solve some of the nation's most difficult scientific issues," said Chen Hesheng, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the manager of the project.

"It will also help the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area to upgrade its industries and support their high-end scientific research and development," Chen said.

The China Spallation Neutron Source cost 1.87 billion yuan ($280 million) and took around six and a half years to build. It will be fully operational next year and Chinese scientists from more than 70 projects and 22 universities have applied to use it. The facility would also be open to foreign researchers, he said.

Neutrons and protons are found at the nucleus, or the core of an atom-the basic building block of materials. While protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no electric charge, and have strong penetrative capability.

As a result, unlike X-rays, whose ionized radiation can rip through the atomic structures of biomaterials like proteins, neutron rays can just pass through the material without damaging the structures, Chen said.

However, some neutrons will hit the atomic nucleus in the material and "bounce" harmlessly away at an angle in a phenomenon called neutron scattering, hence creating the "spallation". Using detectors, scientists can count these scattered neutrons, measure their energies and the angles at which they scatter, and map their final positions.

This way, scientists can glean details about the nature of the examined materials-from its atomic arrangement to movements.

"This will help scientists discover new chemical mechanisms for producing clean energy, new material for more powerful electronics, or create stronger and more durable material for engines," Chen said.

Another promising application is creating new therapies to treat tumors that are difficult to operate on by hand, such as brain tumors, said Fu Shinian, a researcher at the academy's Institute of High Energy Physics.

The Boron Neutron Capture Therapy takes advantage of boron's properties to accurately latch onto cancer cells. Then doctors can shine neutron beams at the tumor, triggering the boron to kill the cancer cells while leaving surrounding cells intact, Fu said.

Despite these promising applications, creating neutron beams is no easy task. In China's neutron source, scientists have to accelerate a group of protons close to the speed of light, use them to smash into a target tungsten block, and knock the neutrons out of the target's atomic nucleus.

Then these neutrons are "sucked" into various branches and channeled into different lab equipment for research, said Chen. All of the equipment used to generate the neutron beams is more than a dozen meters underground, trapping the tiny amount of harmful radiation created in the process.

China's neutron source will be free to the public, only collecting a small fee from companies with special needs.
 
China's scientific innovations are important to the world, because the Chinese scientific discoveries benefit millions of non-Chinese people.

Two prominent examples are China's artemisinin (to cure malaria) and the latest-generation Chinese hybrid-rice (to feed countless hungry people).

The Lasker Award is the American equivalent of the Nobel Prize. This is what the Lasker Foundation had to say about China's artemisinin.

Artemisinin therapy for malaria | 2011 Lasker~DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award

"The 2011 Lasker~DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award honors a scientist who discovered artemisinin and its utility for treating malaria. Tu Youyou (China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing) developed a therapy that has saved millions of lives across the globe, especially in the developing world. An artemisinin-based drug combination is now the standard regimen for malaria, and the World Health Organization (WHO) lists artemisinin and related agents in its catalog of "Essential Medicines." Each year, several hundred million people contract malaria. Without treatment, many more of them would die than do now. Tu led a team that transformed an ancient Chinese healing method into the most powerful antimalarial medicine currently available."

"Not often in the history of clinical medicine can we celebrate a discovery that has eased the pain and distress of hundreds of millions of people and saved the lives of countless numbers of people, particularly children, in over 100 countries. The discovery, chemical identification, and validation of artemisinin, a highly effective anti-malarial drug, is largely due to the scientific insight, vision, and dogged determination of Professor Tu Youyou and her team at the Institute of Chinese Materia Medica in Beijing. The statistics on malarial infections are horrendous. Professor Tu's work has provided the world with arguably the most important pharmaceutical intervention in the last half-century."

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China is sharing its latest-generation hybrid-rice with Pakistan (see citation below). China does not include Monsanto-like Terminator Genes in the Chinese hybrid-rice. The Chinese hybrid-rice will feed countless generations of Pakistanis. Since there is no Terminator Gene, we can expect the Chinese hybrid-rice to spread throughout the world and yield 18 tons of rice per hectare. Just like artemisinin, China's hybrid-rice should eventually affect the lives of millions of people around the world (by providing food for the hungry).

Chinese high-yielding hybrid rice to be launched in Pakistan | The Nation

"LAHORE - China is all set to commercially launch a hybrid rice variety in Pakistan which has 18 tons per hectare yield or more than 150 maunds per acre.

The revolutionary rice seed was recently developed by the Chinese researchers under the guidance of world’s leading agriculture scientist Professor Yuan Longping, who is commonly known as father of hybrid rice in the world.

The new rice variety would help Pakistani farmers to significantly increase per acre yield
and hence the country would be able to export more rice to other countries, including China, in future.

'We will be happy to share the seed variety with Pakistan which is our great friend,' said the octogenarian Professor Yuan in a rare conversation with a group of journalists. The sitting with him was jointly arranged by the Guard Agriculture Research and Services (Pvt) Limited, pioneer in introducing hybrid rice in the country, and China’s top agriculture research company, Yuan Longping Hi-Tech Industries."

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